1. Raised JVP
   1. Normal Waveform
      1. Bradycardia
      2. Fluid overload
      3. Heart Failure
   2. Avsense pulsation
      1. Superior vena cava syndrome
2. a wave
   1. antrium kick, TV open
   2. Cannon 'a' wave (atria contracting against closed tricuspid valve)
      1. Atrial flutter
      2. Premature atrial rhythm (or tachycardia)
      3. AV block, third degree heart block
      4. Ventricular ectopics
      5. Ventricular tachycardia
      6. Junctional rhythm
   3. Large 'a' wave (increased atrial contraction pressure)
      1. tricuspid stenosis
      2. Right heart failure
      3. Pulmonary hypertension
   4. Absent 'a' wave (no unifocal atrial depolarisation)
      1. atrial fibrillation
3. c wave
   1. TV closing with bulging of TV to RA
      1. Tricuspid regurgitation
4. x descent
   1. RA relaxation
   2. Precipitous x descent
      1. pericardial constriction
      2. cardiac tamponade
5. v wave
   1. RA tense, TV closed
   2. Large 'v' wave (c-v wave)
      1. Tricuspid regurgitation
         1. Raised JVP
         2. Large v wave
         3. Rapid y descent
      2. atrial septal defect
6. y descent
   1. RA emptying with open of TV
   2. Slow 'y' descent
      1. Tricuspid stenosis
   3. rapid y descent
      1. Tricuspid regurgiation
   4. Sharp y descent, deep y trough, rapid ascent to baseline
      1. constrictrive pericarditis
7. Parodoxical JVP (Kussmaul's sign: JVP rises with inspiration, drops with expiration)
   1. Pericardial effusion
   2. Constrictive pericarditis
   3. Pericardial tamponade
8. Abdominojugular test
9. Definition