1. Mole Concept
   1. Refer to Annex A
2. Separation Technique
   1. Filtration
   2. Simple Distillation
   3. Crystallisation
   4. Fractional Distillation
   5. Chromatography
3. Air and Atmosphere
   1. global warming
   2. composition
   3. air pollution and effects
   4. acid rain and effects
4. Acid, Base and Salts
   1. Acid
      1. React with reactive metals to form salt and H2
      2. React with alkali/ metal oxide to form salt and water
      3. React with carbonate to form salt water and CO2
      4. Non-metal oxide (Acidic oxide) Dissolve in water to form acidic solution
      5. Physical Properties pH 1-6 sour contain H+ ions turn moist blue litmus red
   2. Base
      1. Physical Properties pH 8-14 bitter alkali contains OH- ions turn moist red litmus blue
      2. Metal oxides
         1. Soluble in water
            1. Na,K Alkali React with ammonium salt to give salt, NH3 and Water
         2. Insoluble in water
            1. Amphoteric oxide Zn, Pb, Al
   3. Salts
      1. Soluble
         1. Reaction with Acids Acid + Metal Acid + Base Acid + Carbonate
            1. Are the starting materials for making the salt soluble in water?
            2. Yes
            3. Titration Acid+Alkali Aid+carbonate solution
            4. No
            5. Reaction of acids with insoluble substances Acid + Excess metal (Excluding Na/ K/ Ca/ Cu/ Mg Acid+ Excess insoluble base Aci+excess insoluble carbonate
      2. Qualitative Analysis Refer to Annex B Test for Cation and Anion
      3. Insoluble
         1. Method: Precipitation
      4. Solubility of Salts
         1. Chlorides
            1. All soluble except Ag, Pb
         2. Carbonates
            1. All insoluble except Na,K,NH4
         3. Nitrates
            1. All soluble
         4. Sulphates
            1. All soluble except BaSO4/PbSO4 and CaSO4
5. Speed of Reaction
   1. Factors Temp of reactants Particle size conc of reactants Pressure (only for gases)
6. Ammonia
   1. Haber Process N2 +3H2 <--> 2 NH3 (Reversible) finely divided Fe Catalyst 450 degrees celcius 200 atmosphere pressure
7. Energy Changes
   1. Exo
      1. Energy for bond breaking < Energy for bond forming Temp increase
   2. Endo
      1. Energy for bond breaking > Energy for bond forming Temp decrease
8. Periodic Table
   1. Metal
      1. Reactivity Series
         1. Popular Scientist Can Make A Zoo In The Lab However Cannot See Girls
      2. Strong Reducing Agent
      3. Stability of Metal Carbonates
      4. Reactions
         1. With acid -> salt +H2
         2. Withwater -> hydroxide/ oxide +H2
      5. Extraction of Metals
         1. By Electrolysis
            1. Active Electrode
            2. Electroplating/Purifying Object to be plated purified metal to be attached to the cathode
            3. Inert Electrode
            4. Molten Compound for extracting reactive metals such as Na/K/Ca/Mg/Al
            5. Dilute aqueous solution
            6. concentrated aqueous solution ions of higher conc will be discharged reactive metal ions can never be discharged
         2. By Reducing agents For extracting low reactivity metals
   2. Non-metal
      1. Group 0 Noble Gases Full electronic configuration
      2. Group VII
         1. Physical Properties Colour states Mp and Bp
         2. Reactivity down the group Displacement reaction (more reactive halogen displaces less reactive ones)
         3. Strong oxidising agent Causes reduction (decrease in oxi# or loss of oxygen or gain in hydrogen)
   3. Transitions
      1. Colour Compound
      2. Variable oxide #
9. Chemical Bond
   1. Ionic
      1. Formed between metal and non metal by transfer of electrons
      2. giant lattice structure
         1. high mp and bp conducts electricity only in molten and aqueous state
   2. Covalent
      1. formed between non-metals by sharing electrons
         1. giant covalent compounds
            1. strong covalent bonds
            2. Diamond
            3. Tetrahedral structure Does not conduct electricity
            4. Graphite
            5. Hexagonal arrangement of atoms weak vanderwaals force between layers conduct electricity soft and slippery
         2. Simple Covalent Compound
            1. low mp and bp does not conduct electricity
            2. weak intermolecular forces of attraction
   3. Metallic
      1. Interaction between sea of elections and the metallic ions Present in all metals